Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/360

 aorist on the one side, or -aorist on the other), any correspondence is still less traceable. Practically, it is necessary to learn, as a matter of usage, how any given root makes these various parts of its conjugational system.

935. Below is added a statement of the usage, as regards the auxiliary vowel, of all the roots found quotable — for the most part, in the form of a specification of those which add the tense-sign directly to the root; in brackets are further mentioned the other roots which according to the grammarians also refuse the auxiliary vowel.

a. Of roots ending in vowels, the great majority (excepting those in ) take no. Thus, all in (numerous, and unnecessary to specify: but compare c below); — those in, as  possess,  gather,  note,  or  bind , ; from ,  destroy, and  occur forms of both classes;  [and ] has ; — those in , as ; but  lie and  have both forms [and  takes ]; — those in , as ; but  press out and  have both forms [and  take ]; — of those in  and  take  has both forms. But all in (numerous, and unnecessary to specify) take  [those in changeable, or so-called -roots (242), are said by the grammarians to take either  or ; no -forms, however, are quotable].

b. Of roots ending in mutes, about half add the tense-sign directly. Thus, of roots ending in gutturals, ; — in palatals: in (but  takes ); in ; in,  ( and ),  [also ], while , and  ( and ) have both forms, and  ( and ) and  take ; — in dentals: in ,  cut and  [also  and ] make both forms; in  fall,  find,  [also ]; while  ( and ) and  know make both forms [also  and ], and  has ; in ,  , ,  succeed,  [also ], and  and  repel have both forms; in , while  and  have both forms; — in labials: in  ( and ) [also ], while , and  have both forms; in  and  having both forms; in , while , and  make both forms.

c. Of the roots reckoned by the grammarians as ending in semivowels (761 d–g) all take. And or  weave,  or  envelop, and  or  call take a -form, as in their present-system, to which then  is added: thus,  (but also ).

d. Of roots ending in spirants, the minority (about a third) are without the auxiliary vowel. They are: roots in,   [also ], while  be lost has both forms ( and ); — in  [also