Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/347

 a. The forms with primary endings are: in active, ; — in middle, (not, as we should rather expect); : and, with the fuller ending in 3d sing.,.

b. The forms with secondary endings are (active only):, etc. (some twenty others);. Of these, and  are found not rarely in the Brāhmaṇas; any others, hardly more than sporadically.

894. Of irregularities are to be noted the following:

a. The forms and  (2d sing. mid.) lack the -strengthening.

b., and (AV. , with  for  as in  etc.) appear to be first persons formed under government of the analogy of the second and third — unless they are relics of a state of things anterior to the -strengthening: in which case  is to be compared with them (we should expect  or ).

c. From roots in are made a few forms of problematic character: namely,  (only case in RV.),  and  and  and. Their value is optative. The analogy of and  suggests the possibility of their derivation from -forms of the -roots; or the sibilant might be of a precative character (thus, ). That they really belong to the -aorist appears highly improbable.

d. The RV. has a few difficult first persons middle in, which are perhaps best noted here. They are: 1. from the simple root, (and ?), ; 2. from present-stems, and. They have the value of indicative present. Compare below, 897 b.

895. Optative forms of this aorist are made in the middle only, and they have in 2d and 3d sing. always the precative before the endings. Those found to occur in the older language are: (for ),. PB. has, which should belong to a -aorist. The RV. form (for  or ) is an isolated anomaly.

a. This optative makes a part of the accepted "precative" of the later language: see below, 923, 925 b.