Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/338

, the vowel remains short: thus,.

860. If the root is a heavy syllable (having a long vowel, or a short before two consonants), the vowel of the reduplication is short: and in this case अ or आ, and ऋ  (if it occurs), are reduplicated by अ.

a. Thus, (not quotable),. And, in the cases in which a root should both begin and end with two consonants, both syllables would be necessarily heavy, notwithstanding the short vowel in the former: thus, (but no such forms are found in use).

b. A medial is allowed by the grammarians to retain the strengthening of the causative stem, together with, of course, reduplication by : thus,  (beside ); but no such forms have been met with in use.

c. These aorists are not distinguishable in form from the so-called pluperfects (817 ff.).

861. a. In order, however, to bring about the favored relation of heavy reduplication and light radical syllable, a heavy root is sometimes made light: either by shortening its vowel, as in from √ from √ from √ from √ (K. and later: RV. has ) from √ from √ from √; or by dropping a penultimate nasal, as in  from √ from √.

b. In those cases in which (1047) an aorist is formed directly from a causal stem in, the is abbreviated to : thus,  etc.,  (but KSS. ),  (but VS. ); but from  comes  (ÇB.).

862. Examples of this aorist from roots with initial vowel are very rare; the older language has only (or ) from √ (ÇB.: BAU. ) from √, and  (augmentless) from the causative stem  of √ — in which latter the root is excessively abbreviated. The grammarians give other similar formations, as from √ from √ from √ from √ from √. Compare the similar reduplication in desiderative stems: 1029 b.

863. Of special irregularities may be mentioned:

a. From √ is made (V.B.) the stem, taking its reduplicating vowel from the radical semivowel. From √, instead of (B.S.), JB. has, and some texts (B.S.) have ; and (B.) is met with beside the regular  (V.B.). In