Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/332

 (compare 619 d): thus, and,  and ,  and ; and  and  occur only in composition. A very few of these are found once or twice in other texts, namely ; and - occurs once in Āpast. (xiv. 28. 4).

841. All together, the roots exhibiting in the older language forms which are with fair probability to be reckoned to the root-aorist-system are about a hundred and thirty; over eighty of them make such forms in the RV.

842. A middle third person singular, of peculiar formation and prevailingly passive meaning, is made from many verbs in the older language, and has become a regular part of the passive conjugation, being, according to the grammarians, to be substituted always for the proper third person of any aorist middle that is used in a passive sense.

843. This person is formed by adding इ to the root, which takes also the augment, and is usually strengthened.

a. The ending belongs elsewhere only to the first person; and this third person apparently stands in the same relation to a first in  as do, in the middle voice, the regular 3d sing. perfect, and also the frequent Vedic 3d sing. present of the root-class (613), which are identical in form with their respective first persons. That a fuller ending has been lost off is extremely improbable; and hence, as an aorist formation from the simple root, this is most properly treated here, in connection with the ordinary root-aorist.

844. Before the ending इ, a final vowel, and usually also a medial अ before a single consonant, have the -strengthening; other medial vowels have the -strengthening if capable of it (240); after final आ  is added य्.

a. Examples (all of them quotable from the older language) are: from roots ending in ; in other vowels, ; — from roots with medial ; from roots with medial strengthened,  (these are all the earlier cases); with  unchanged, only  (and RV. has once ), and, in heavy syllables, ; with medial ; — from roots with initial vowel,  (only case).

b. According to the grammarians, certain roots in, and √, retain the unchanged: quotable are  (or ),  (or ),