Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/331

 disappear (the exceptions are given in 837 a). But the precative forms are nowhere common, excepting as made from √; and from no other root is anything like a complete series of persons quotable (only and  being wanting; and these two persons have no representative from any root). All together, active optative or precative forms are made in the older language from over fifty roots; and the epic and classical texts add them from hardly a dozen more: see further 925.

839. Imperative. Imperative forms of the root-aorist are not rare in the early language. In the middle, indeed, almost only the 2d sing. occurs: it is accented either regularly, on the ending, as, or on the root, as ; and  are not found with accent; the 2d pl. is represented by. In the active, all the persons (2d and 3d) are found in use; examples are: 2d sing., ; 3d sing., ; 2d du., ; 3d du., only ; 2d pl., ; 3d pl., only. These are the most regular forms; but irregularities as to both accent and strengthening are not infrequent. Thus, strong forms in 2d du. and pl. are (once ), ; and, with, and the irregular  (√); in 3d du.,. Much more irregular are (instead of ) from √, and  from both √ and √ (instead of  and ). A single form (3d sing.) in is found, namely. We find also later (MBh. BhP.).

a. As to 2d persons singular in from the simple root used in an imperative sense, see above, 624.

840. In the oldest language, of the RV., are found a number of participles which must be reckoned as belonging to this formation.

a. In the active, they are extremely few: namely, (?), - (only in composition), and probably. And BhP. has (but probably by error, for ).

b. In the middle, they are in RV. much more numerous. The accent is usually on the final of the stem: thus, or ; — but sometimes on the root-syllable: thus,  (pres.?), ; — while a few show both accentuations