Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/328

 with, as required by the analogy of the tense with an imperfect of the root-class, -strengthening in the three persons of the singular.

a. Thus (in the active), from √, and ; from √,  and ; from √ make,  and  (for  and ); from  enclose,  (585 a); and so. Dual and plural forms are much less frequent than singular; but for the most part they also show an irregular strengthening of the root-vowel: thus (including augmentless forms), and  and, , ,  and , , ; regular are only , and.

832. Further, from a few roots with medial (or initial) vowel capable of -strengthening and having in general that strengthening only in the singular.

a. Thus, and  from √;  from √;  from √;  (VS.) from √;  and  from √;  from √;  from √ (AV. has once );  from √,  from √; and, ,. But, with , from √, and (TS.) from √.

833. Again, from a larger number of roots with as radical vowel:

a. Of these, (with  for  when final or followed by : 143 a, 212 a) is of decidedly most frequent occurrence, and shows the greatest variety of forms: thus,,  (2d and 3d sing.), ,  (strong form),. The other cases are from √;  from √;  from √;  from √;  from √ (? VS.);  and  from √;  (585 a) and  from √;  or, , , and  (for , like ) from √; and the 3d pll. in, (pf.?),.

834. So far only active forms have been considered. In the middle, a considerable part of the forms are such as are held by the grammarians (881) to belong to the -aorist, with omission of the : they doubtless belong, however, mostly or altogether, here. Thus:

a. From roots ending in vowels, we have (also ), and, and  (and  from √ cut);  (?);  and  and , forms of -roots; — of -roots,  (and the anomalous ); ; — of  and  roots, the only examples are  (? AV., once), , and. The absence of any analogies whatever for the omission of a in such forms, and the occurrence of  and  and, show that their reference to the -aorist is probably without sufficient reason.

b. As regards roots ending in consonants, the case is more questionable, since loss of after a final consonant before  and  (and, of