Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/323

, and ; from √, and ; from √, the imperatives  and.

817. Of an augment-preterit from the perfect-stem, to which the name of pluperfect is given on the ground of its formation (though not of its meaning), the Veda presents a few examples; and one or two forms of the later language (mentioned above, 788 b) have also been referred to it.

a. There is much of the same difficulty in distinguishing the pluperfect as the perfect modes from kindred reduplicated formations. Between it and the aorist, however, a difference of meaning helps to make a separation.

818. The normal pluperfect should show a strong stem in the singular active, and a weak one elsewhere — thus, and  — with augment prefixed and secondary endings added ( in 3d pl. act.,  in 3d pl. mid.).

a. Of forms made according to this model, we have, in the active: 1st sing., and  (which, by its form, might be aorist: 860); 2d sing. ; 3d sing., and ; 2d du., ; 2d pl., and  and  (a strong form, as often in this person: 556 a); 3d pl. (perhaps),  and. To these may be added the augmentless and,  and. In the middle, the 3d pl. and (with  instead of ), and the augmentless 2d sing. and, are the most regular forms to be found.

819. Several forms from roots ending in consonants save the endings in 2d and 3d sing. act. by inserting an (555 b): thus,  ( and  are rather intensives); and the augmentless  (accent?) and  belong with them.

820. A few forms show a stem ending in : they are, in the active: 3d sing., ; in the middle: 3d sing., ; 2d du., ; 3d pl., (which by its form might be aorist), ; and, would perhaps be best classified here as augmentless forms (compare 811, above).

821. Perfects are quotable as made from more than half the roots of the language, and they abound in use at every period and in almost all branches of the literature, though not always with the same value.

a. According to the Hindu grammarians, the perfect is used in the