Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/322

 b. In middle, the forms are few: namely, 1st sing., ; 2d sing., ; 3d sing., ; 1st pl.,. And and  appear to furnish examples of precative optative forms.

c. There is no irregular mode of formation of perfect optatives. Individual irregularities are shown by certain forms: thus,, with treatment of the final as before the passive-sign (770);  with short initial;  from √;  is anomalous:  is the only form that shows a union-vowel  (unless also , from √).

813. Of regular imperative forms, only a very small number are to be quoted: namely, active,, and ; , and ; and ;  and  (unless we are to add ); — middle,  and. AV. has once.

814. As irregular imperatives may be reckoned several which show a union-vowel, or have been transferred to an -conjugation. Such are, in the active, and  (2d du.), and  (2d pl.); in the middle,  (only one found with accent), and  (2d sing.), and  (3d pl.: probably to be accented - and -).

815. Such imperatives as these, taken in connection with some of the subjunctives given above (and a few of the "pluperfect" forms: below, 820), suggest as plausible the assumption of a double present-stem, with reduplication and added (with which the desiderative stems would be comparable: below, 1026 ff.): for example,  from √, from which would come  etc. and  (811 a) as indicative,  etc. as subjunctively used augmentless imperfect, and  as imperative. Most of the forms given above as subjunctives with primary ending lack a marked and constant subjunctive character, and would pass fairly well as indicatives. And it appears tolerably certain that from one root at least,, such a double stem is to be recognized; from come readily , , and from it alone can come regularly ,  and  (once, RV.) — and, yet more, the participle  (RV.; AV. : an isolated case): yet even here we have also , not. To assume double present-stems, however, in all the cases would be highly implausible; it is better to recognize the formation as one begun, but not carried out.

a. Only one other subjunctive with double mode-sign — namely, — is found to set beside.

816. Forms of different model are not very seldom made from the same root: for example, from √, the subjunctives ,