Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/320

 b. From three roots, find,, and , the later language allows strong participle-stems to be made with the union-vowel, as well as in the regular manner without it: thus,  or ;  occurs in KṭhU. PB. has once.

806. The ending of the middle participle is. It is added to the weak form of perfect-stem, as this appears in the middle inflection: thus, बुबुधान, निन्यान , ददान , तेनान , जज्ञान , ऊचान.

a. In the Veda, the long reduplicating vowel is shown by many middle participles: thus,, etc. RV. has from √ (with irregular, as in the present-system: 629);  from √; and once, with ,  from √. A few participles with long redupl. vowel have it irregularly accented (as if rather intensive: 1013): thus, (also ),.

807. In the later language, the perfect participles have nearly gone out of use; even the active appears but rarely, and is made from very few verbs, and of the middle hardly any examples are quotable, save such as the proper name, the adjective learned in scripture, etc.

808. Modes of the perfect belong only to the Vedic language, and even are seldom found outside of the Rig-Veda.

a. To draw the line surely and distinctly between these and the mode-forms from other reduplicated tense-stems — the present-stem of the reduplicating class, the reduplicated aorist, and the intensive — is not possible, since no criterion of form exists which does not in some cases fail, and since the general equivalence of modal forms from all stems (582), and the common use of the perfect as a present in the Veda (823), deprive us of a criterion of meaning. There can be no reasonable doubt, however, that a considerable body of forms are to be reckoned here; optatives like and  and, imperatives like , subjunctives like , show such distinctive characteristics of the perfect formation that by their analogy other similar words are confidently classed as belonging to the perfect.

809. The normal method of making such forms would appear to be as follows: from a reduplicated perfect-stem, as (for example), an imperative would be made by simply appending, as usual, the imperative endings; the derived subjunctive mode-stem would be (accented after the analogy of the strong forms