Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/315

 f. With this, a final radical or  is not combined, but changed into  or. The of √ becomes  throughout before a vowel.

798. In the older language, the usage is in part quite otherwise. Thus:

a. In the RV., the union-vowel is taken by roots ending in consonants provided the last syllable of the stem is a heavy one, but not otherwise: thus,, but  and ; , but , but  and ;  and  etc. (no examples of  or  chance to occur, nor any of either  or ); , but  (and so on: twenty-two forms). The only exception in RV. is from √, without  (in Br., also  from √: below, 801 a). The other Vedic texts present nothing inconsistent with this rule, but in the Brāhmaṇas 3d pl. forms in are made after light syllables also: thus,.

b. In roots ending with a vowel, the early usage is more nearly like the later. Thus: for roots in the rule is the same (except that no 2d sing. in  is met with), as  (the only persons with  quotable from RV. and AV.; and RV. has  twice); — roots in  appear also to follow the later rule: as, but  and , and in 3d pl. mid. both and ; — √ has both  (usually) and, but only  (AV.). But there are found, against the later rules,, , , and , without : the instances are too few to found a rule upon.

799. The ending of 3d pl. mid. is found in RV. in six forms: namely, ; to which SV. adds, and TB..

800. Examples of inflection. By way of illustration of the rules given above may be given in full the perfect indicative inflection of the following verbs:

a. As example of the normal inflection of a root with final consonant, we take the root बुध् know: its strong form of perfect-stem is बुबोध् ; weak form, बुबुध्.