Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/313

 ; they form the weak stems (compare 637),  (compare 640): but RV. has once.

f. In the old language are found in like manner and  from √;  from √;  from √ (beside, and , as if from √);  and  and  from √ (beside -forms; below, g);  from √;  and ,  and , from √.

g. Roots in general having medial before a single final consonant, and beginning also with a single consonant that is repeated unchanged in the reduplication — that is, not an aspirate, a guttural mute, or  — contract their root and reduplication together into one syllable, having  as its vowel: thus, √ forms the weak stem, √ forms , √ forms ; and so on.

h. Certain roots not having the form here defined are declared by the grammarians to undergo the same contraction — most of them optionally; and examples of them are in general of very rare occurrence. They are as follows: (E.C.) and  (?), notwithstanding their long vowel;,  ( C.),  (occurs from RV. down), though their initial is changed in reduplication; ,  ( E.C.), , , , though they begin with more than one consonant;  (, RV., from the weaker ), though it ends with more than one; and  ( etc. KSS.), , in spite of more reasons than one to the contrary. And ÇB. has from √, and KB. has  from √. On the other hand, RV. has once, and R. has , for , from √.

i. This contraction is allowed also in 2d sing. act. when the ending is : thus, beside  (but no examples are quotable from the older language).

j. The roots and  (from : 672) are said to reject the contraction; but no perfect forms of either appear to have been met with in use.

k. From √ (or ) occurs (R.); and  from √ is authorized by the grammarians — both against the general analogy of roots in.

l. Roots ending in lose their  before all endings beginning with a vowel, including those endings that assume the union-vowel  (796) — unless in the latter case it be preferred to regard the  as a weakened form of the.

795. Endings, and their union with the stem. The general scheme of endings of the perfect indicative has been already given (553 c); an ditand it [sic] has also been pointed out (543 a) that roots ending in आ have औ  in 1st and 3d sing. active.