Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/311

 791. For an anomalous case or two of reduplicated preposition, see below, 1087 f.

792. Strong and weak stem-forms. In the three persons of the singular active, the root-syllable is accented, and exhibits usually a stronger form than in the rest of the tense-inflection. The difference is effected partly by strengthening the root in the three persons referred to, partly by weakening it in the others, partly by doing both.

793. As regards the strengthening:

a. A final vowel takes either the or  change in 1st sing. act., in 2d, and  in 3d: thus, from √भी, 1st बिभे  or बिभै ; 2d बिभे ; 3d बिभै ; from √कृ, 1st चकर् or चकार् , 2d चकर् , 3d चकार्.

b. But the of √ remains unchanged, and adds  before a vowel-ending: thus,  etc.

c. Medial अ before a single final consonant follows the analogy of a final vowel, and is lengthened or vriddhied in the 3d. sing., and optionally in the first: thus, from √तप्, 1st ततप् or तताप् , 2d ततप् , 3d तताप्.

d. In the earlier language, however, the weaker of the two forms allowed by these rules in the first person is almost exclusively in use: thus, 1st only, ; 3d ,. Exceptions are and  (doubtful reading) in AV.,  in AÇS. and BAU. (ÇB. ), in AÇS., as first persons.

e. A medial short vowel has in all three persons alike the -strengthening (where this is possible: 240): thus, from √द्रुह् comes दुद्रोह् ; from √विश्  comes विवेश् ; from √कृत्  comes चकर्त्.

f. An initial short vowel before a single final consonant is to be treated like a medial, but the quotable examples are very few: namely, from √ seek,  and  from √,  from √. As to roots and, whose vowels are both initial and final, see above, 783 a, b.

g. These rules are said by the grammarians to apply to the 2d sing. always when it has simple as ending; if it has  (below, 797 d),