Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/310

 √ or, which forms the pres. , has the perfect and  etc. (with  and );

√ attain (from which comes once in RV. ), has the weak forms etc. (with opt. ),  etc. (and LÇS. has ), and the strong forms  and  — along with the regular  etc.;

√ (from which comes once ) has and ;

√ or has  and, and later  and ;

√ has (in TS.) ;

(RV., once) has been referred to a root, elsewhere unknown, and explained as of this formation; but with altogether doubtful propriety.

b. The later grammar, then, sets up the rule that roots beginning with and ending with more than one consonant have  as their regular reduplication; and such perfects are taught from roots like, , and  or ; but the only other quotable forms appear to be  (MBh.) and  (TA.); which are accordingly reckoned as "pluperfects".

789. One or two individual cases of irregularity are the following:

a. The extremely common root be has the anomalous reduplication, forming the stem ; and, in the Veda, √ forms in like manner.

b. The root bear has in the Veda the anomalous reduplication  (as also in intensive: 1002); but RV. has once also the regular, and pple.

c. The root spew forms either  (ÇB. et al.) or  (not quotable).

d. (RV., once) is doubtless participle of √, with irregular reduplication (as in the present, 660).

790. Absence of reduplication is met with in some cases. Thus:

a. The root know has, from the earliest period to the latest, a perfect without reduplication, but otherwise regularly made and inflected: thus,, , etc., pple. It has the meaning of a present. The root find forms the regular.

b. A few other apparently perfect forms lacking a reduplication are found in RV.: they are and,  and  (for ?),  and  (? √), and  and  (? see 613). And AV. VS. have. The participial words are common in the oldest language; and RV. has once (√), and  (voc.), perhaps for.

c. A few sporadic cases also are quotable from the later language, especially from the epics: thus, and  and ; also the pples  and, the latter being not infrequent.