Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/305

 ); and, in like manner, makes either or . The corresponding form to √, namely  (above, 761 b), is apparently a transfer to the preceding class.

773. By their form, dies, and  maintains itself, is steadfast, are passives from the roots  die and  hold; although neither is used in a proper passive sense, and  is not transitive except in the derivative form  (above, 731). With them are to be compared the stems heed and  be busy, which are perhaps peculiar adaptations of meaning of passives from the roots  pierce and  fill.

774. Examples of the transfer of stems from the or passive class to the  or intransitive class were given above (761 b); and it was also pointed out that active instead of middle endings are occasionally, even in the earlier language, assumed by forms properly passive: examples are  and  (ÇB.),  (MāiU.). In the epics, however (as a part of their general confusion of active and middle forms: 529 a), active endings are by no means infrequently taken by the passive: thus,, etc.

775. As was noticed above (607), the Hindu grammarians — and, after their example, most European also — recognize yet another conjugation-class, coördinate with those already described; its stems show the class-sign, added to a generally strengthened root (for details as to the strengthening, see 1042). Though this is no proper class, but a secondary or derivative conjugation (its stems are partly of causative formation, partly denominative with altered accent), an abbreviated example of its forms may, for the sake of accordance with other grammars, be added here.

a. Example: root think, meditate; stem :

b. The inflection, of course, is the same with that of other forms from -stems (733 a).

c. The middle participle, in the later language, is more often made with instead of : thus, : see 1043 f.