Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/301

 d. Examples of augmentless forms showing the accent belonging to the present-system are.

761. The -class stems are more than a hundred and thirty in number, and nearly half of them have forms in use in all periods of the language, about forty occurring only in the earlier, and about thirty only in the modern period.

a. Of the roots making -stems, a very considerable part (over fifty) signify a state of feeling, or a condition of mind or body: thus, be angry,  be weary,  be hungry,  be confused,  be lustful,  be dry, etc. etc.

b. A further number have a more or less distinctly passive sense, and are in part evident and in part presumable transfers from the passive or -class, with change of accent, and sometimes also with assumption of active endings. It is not possible to draw precisely the limits of the division; but there are in the older language a number of clear cases, in which the accent wavers and changes, and the others are to be judged by analogy with them. Thus, √ forms once or twice, beside the usual, in RV. and AV.; and in the Brāhmaṇas the former is the regular accent. Similar changes are found also in -forms from other roots: thus, from destroy,  or  injure,  heat,  make firm,  cook,  fill,  damage,  leave,  break,  leave. Active forms are early made from some of these, and they grow more common later. It is worthy of special mention that, from the Veda down, is born etc. is found as altered passive or original -formation by the side of √ give birth.

c. A considerable body of roots (about forty) differ from the above in having an apparently original transitive or neuter meaning: examples are throw,  bind,  see,  go,  clasp.

d. A number of roots, of various meaning, and of somewhat doubtful character and relations, having present-stems ending in, are by the native grammarians written with final diphthongs, or  or. Thus:

e. Roots reckoned as ending in and belonging to the - (or ) class, as  sing ( etc.). As these show abundantly, and for the most part exclusively, -forms outside the present-system, there seems to be no good reason why they should not rather be regarded as -roots of the -class. They are burn,  sing,  be weary,  save,  think,  fill up,  relax,  bark,  be blown,  coagulate,  boil,  stiffen. Some of them are evident extensions of simpler roots by the addition of. The secondary roots stretch (beside ), and  observe (beside ) appear to be of similar character.

f. Roots reckoned as ending in and belonging to the  (or ) class, as  suck ( etc.). These, too, have -forms, and sometimes -forms, outside the present system, and are best regarded as -roots, either with weakened to  before the class-sign of this class, or with