Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/299

, are more properly (as having an accented in the stem) to be reckoned to this class than to the -class, where the native classification puts them (see 761 g). They appear to be analogous with the stems, noted below (755).

754. The roots from which -stems are made have certain noticeable peculiarities of form. Hardly any of them have long vowels, and none have long interior vowels; very few have final vowels; and none (save two or three transfers, and √ be ashamed, which does not occur in any accentuated text, and is perhaps to be referred rather to the -class) have as radical vowel, except as this forms a combination with, which is then reduced with it to  or some of the usual substitutes of.

755. The roots in and  and  change those vowels into  and  before the class-sign: thus,, etc.; and  occur, instead of  and , in the older language, while TS. has the participle. K. has from √.

756. The three roots in form the present-stems  (also ),, and are sometimes written as  etc.; and  are really only varieties of ; and  and  are evidently related with other  or  root-forms.

a. The common root ask makes the stem.

757. As to the stems and, and  and , sometimes reckoned as belonging to this class, see below, 773.

758. Although the present-stem of this class shows in general a weak form of the root, there are nevertheless a number of roots belonging to it which are strengthened by a penultimate nasal. Thus, the stem is made from √ release;  from √ sprinkle;  from √ find;  from √ cut;  from √ adorn;  from √ enjoy;  from √ break;  from √ smear; and occasional forms of the same kind are met with from a few others, as  from √ thrust;  from √ strengthen;  (beside ) from √ make firm;  (beside ) from √ shine; TS. has from √ (instead of ;, are of doubtful character.

a. Nasalized -stems are also in several instances made by transfer from the nasal class: thus,.

759. The present-stem of this class adds य  to the accented but unstrengthened root. Its inflection is also