Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/292



733. We come now to the classes which compose the Second or -Conjugation. These are more markedly similar in their mode of inflection than the preceding classes; their common characteristics, already stated, may be here repeated in summary. They are: 1. A final in the present-stem; 2. a constant accent, not changing between stem and ending; 3. a briefer form of the optative mode-sign in the active, namely instead of  (combining in both voices alike with  to ); 4. the absence of any ending (except when is used) in 2d sing. impv. act.; 5. the conversion of initial of the 2d and 3d du. mid. endings to ; 6. the use of the full endings, , in 3d pl. mid. forms; 7. the invariable use of (not ) in 3d pl. impf. act.; 8. and the use of instead of  as ending of the mid. pple. Moreover, 9. the stem-final becomes  before  and  of 1st personal endings — but not before  of 1st sing. impf.: here, as before the 3d pl. endings, the stem-final is lost, and the short of the ending remains (or the contrary): thus, ,  ,.

a. All these characteristics belong not to the inflection of the -present-systems alone, but also to that of the -, reduplicated, and -aorists, the -future, and the desiderative, causative, and denominative present-. That is to say, wherever in conjugation an -stem is found, it is inflected in the same manner.

734. The present-stem of this class is made by adding अ to the root, which has the accent, and, when that is possible (235, 240), is strengthened to. Thus, भव from √भू ; जय  from √जि ; बोध  from √बुध् ;  सर्प  from √सृप् ; — but  वद  from √वद् ; क्रीड  from √क्रीड्.