Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/288

 715. In RV., this root is regularly inflected in the present-system according to the -class, making the stem-forms and ; the only exceptions are  once and  twice (all in the tenth book); in AV., the -forms are still more than six times as frequent as the -forms (nearly half of which, moreover, are in prose passages); but in the Brāhmaṇa language and later, the -forms are used to the exclusion of the others.

a. As 1st sing. pres. act. is found in the epos.

b. What irregular forms from as a verb of the -class occur in the older language have been already noticed above.

c. The isolated form, from √, shows an apparent analogy with these -forms from.

716. A few verbs belonging originally to these classes have been shifted, in part or altogether, to the -class, their proper class-sign having been stereotyped as a part of the root.

a. Thus, in RV. we find forms both from the stem (√ or ), and also from, representing a derivative quasi-root  (and these latter alone occur in AV.). So likewise forms from a stem beside those from  (√); and from  beside those from  (√). The so-called roots and  are doubtless of the same origin, although no forms from the stem  are met with at any period — unless  (above, 699 b) be so regarded; and AV. has the participle, f. . The grammarians set up a root , but only forms from (stem ) appear to occur in the present-system (the aorist  is found in PB.).

b. Occasional -forms are met with also from other roots: thus, etc.,.

717. The class-sign of this class is in the strong forms the syllable ना, accented, which is added to the root; in the weak forms, or where the accent falls upon the ending, it is नी ; but before the initial vowel of an ending the ई   of  नी  disappears altogether.

718. Example of inflection: root क्री buy: strong form of stem, क्रीणा ; weak form, क्रीणी  (before a vowel, क्रीण् ).