Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/286

 707. Strong stem-forms and -ending are found only in RV., in,. Augmentless forms with accent are,.

708. About fifty roots make, either exclusively or in part, their present-forms after the manner of the -class: half of them do so only in the older language; three or four, only in the later.

a. As to transfers to the -conjugation, see below, 716.

709. The roots of the other division, or of the -class, are extremely few, not exceeding eight, even including on account of  RV., and  on account of the occurrence of  once in a Sūtra (PGS. i. 3. 27). BR. refer the stem to  of the -class instead of  of the -class.

710. The root be pleased is said by the grammarians to retain the  of its class-sign unlingualized in the later language — where, however, forms of conjugation of this class are very rare; while in the Veda the regular change is made: thus,.

711. The root hear is contracted to  before the class-sign, forming  and  as stem. Its forms and  have been noted above (699 b).

712. The root shake in the later language (and rarely in B. and S.) shortens its vowel, making the stem-forms  and  (earlier, ).

713. The so-called root, treated by the native grammarians as dissyllabic and belonging to the root-class (I.), is properly a present-stem of this class, with anomalous contraction, from the root (or ). In the Veda, it has no forms which are not regularly made according to the -class; but in the Brāhmaṇa language are found sometimes such forms as, as if from an -root of the root class (626); and the grammarians make for it a perfect, aorist, future, etc. Its 2d sing. impv. act. is or ; its impf.,, ; its opt. mid., (K.) or  (TS.).

714. The extremely common root कृ (or ) make is in the later language inflected in the present-system exclusively according to the -class (being the only root of that class not ending in न् ). It has the irregularity that in the strong form of stem it (as well as the class-sign) has the -strengthening, and that in the weak form it is