Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/278

 such, and may perhaps be best noticed here, as reduplicated present-stems with irregularly long reduplicating vowel.

a. Of pres. indic. occurs in the older language only, 3d pl., with the pples and , and mid. ,, , with the pples , ,. The subj. stems are, , , and from them are made forms with both primary (from ) and secondary endings (and the irregularly accented and  and ). No opt. occurs. In impv. we have (and ) and, and , ,. In impf., and,  and  and  (with augmentless forms),  (with strong form of root), and  and (irregular).

b. A few forms from all the three show transfer to an -inflection: thus, and  (impv.),, etc.

c. Similar forms from √ bellow are and.

677. The stem shine (sometimes ) is also regarded by the grammarians as a root, and supplied as such with tenses outside the present-system — which, however, hardly occur in genuine use. It is not known in the older language.

678. The root chew loses its radical vowel in weak forms, taking the form : thus,, but  (3d pl.),  (pple). For, see 233 f.

679. The root fear is allowed by the grammarians to shorten its vowel in weak forms: thus,  or,  or ; and  etc. are met with in the later language.

680. Forms of this class from √ give birth, with added — thus,,  — are given by the grammarians, but have never been found in use.

681. The roots and  have in the Veda reversion of  to  in the root-syllable after the reduplication: thus,,  (anomalous, for ), , ,  (pple);.

682. The root has  in the reduplication (from the ), and is contracted to  in weak forms: thus,,. So the root (if its forms are to be reckoned here) has  in reduplication, and contracts to : thus,.

683. The roots of this class all end in consonants. And their class-sign is a nasal preceding the final consonant: in the weak forms, a nasal simply, adapted in character to the consonant; but in the strong forms expanded to the syllable न, which has the accent.