Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/277

 Participles: act. ; mid. .

a. In the middle (except impf.), only those forms are here accented for which there is authority in the accentuated texts, as there is discordance between the actual accent and that which the analogies of the class would lead us to expect. RV. has once : and  might be perfects, so far as the form is concerned. RV. accents once ( thrice); several other texts have, ,.

b. The root is inflected in precisely the same way, with change everywhere of (radical)  to.

669. The older language has irregularities as follows: 1. the usual strong forms in 2d pl., and,  and ; 2. the usual endings in the same person,, , etc. (654, 658); 3. the 3d sing. indic. act. (like 1st sing.); 4. the 2d sing. impv. act. (for both and ). And R. has.

670. A number of roots have been transferred from this to the - or -class (below, 749), their reduplicated root becoming a stereotyped stem inflected after the manner of -stems. These roots are as follows:

671. In all periods of the language, from the roots stand,  drink, and  smell, are made the presents,  (with irregular sonantizing of the second ), and  — which then are inflected not like , but like , as if from the present-stems , ,.

672. In the Veda (especially; also later), the reduplicated roots and  are sometimes turned into the -stems  and, or inflected as if roots  and  of the -class; and single forms of the same character are made from other roots: thus,  (√ bellow),  (√ give: 3d sing. mid.).

673. In the Veda, also, a like secondary stem,, is made from √ (with omission of the radical vowel, and conversion, usual in this root, of to  when in contact with : 637); and some of the forms of , from √, show the same conversion to an -stem,.

674. In AB. (viii. 28), a similar secondary form,, is given to √ or : thus, ,.

675. A few so-called roots of the first or root-class are the products of reduplication, more or less obvious: thus, (640), and probably  (from √) and  (from √ or a lost root  see). In the Veda is found also, from √.

676. The grammarians reckon (as already noticed, 641) several roots of the most evidently reduplicate character as simple, and belonging to the root-class. Some of these are regular intensive stems, and will be described below under Intensives (1020 a, 1024 a);  shine, together with Vedic  shine and  swell, are sometimes also classed as intensives; but they have not the proper reduplication of