Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/266

 even to both: thus, from √, both (627) and. Such transfers are met with even in the oldest language; but they usually become more frequent later, often establishing a new mode of present inflection by the side of, or in substitution for, the earlier mode.

b. A number of roots offer irregularities of inflection; these are, in the main, pointed out in the following paragraphs.

626. The roots of the class ending in have in their strong forms the  instead of the -strengthening before an ending beginning with a consonant: thus, from √,, , and the like: but , , etc.

a. Roots found to exhibit this peculiarity in actual use are, unite,  (or ) impel,  (these in the earlier language), , and. RV. has once, and. Compare also 633.

627. The root also has the -vowel in its strong forms: thus,, ,  (150 b); and the same strengthening is said to be allowed in weak forms before endings beginning with a vowel: thus, , ; but the only quotable case is  (LÇS.). Forms from -stems begin to appear already in AV.

a In the other tense-systems, also, and in derivation, shows often the  instead of the -strengthening.

628. A number of roots accent the radical syllable throughout, both in strong and in weak forms: thus, all those beginning with a long vowel, ; and also clothe,  lie, and. All these, except and  (and  also in the Vedic forms), are ordinarily conjugated in middle voice only. Forms with the same irregular accent occur now and then in the Veda from other verbs: thus,, , , ,. Middle participles so accented have been noticed above (619 d).

629. Of the roots mentioned in the last paragraph, lie has the -strengthening throughout: thus,, and so on. Other irregularities in its inflection (in part already noticed) are the 3d pl. persons (AV. etc. have also ),,  (RV. has also ), the 3d sing. pres. (R.) and impv. . The isolated active form is common in the older language; other -forms, active and middle, occur later.

630. Of the same roots, and  insert a union-vowel  before certain endings: thus,, ,  (these three being the only forms noted in the older language); but RV. has beside ; the ÇvU. has once for. The 3d pl. (on account of its accent) is also apparently present rather than perfect. The MS. has once the 3d sing. impf. (like : 635).