Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/265

 in the older they always do so: thus, from √,  from √ protect,  from √. The same ending is also allowed and met with in the case of a few roots ending in consonants: namely know,, , ,. RV. has.

b. The ending, 2d pl. act., is found in the Veda in. A strong stem is seen in the 1st pl., and the 2d pl. and.

c. To save the characteristic endings in 2d and 3d sing. act., the root inserts : thus, ; the root  inserts : thus,,  (see below, 636); compare also 631–4.

622. The use of the persons of this tense, without augment, in the older language, has been noticed above (587). Augmentless imperfects of this class are rather uncommon in the Veda: thus,, 2d sing.; (?), 3d sing.; , 3d pl.; , 3d sing. mid.

623. The first or root-form of aorist is identical in its formation with this imperfect: see below, 829 ff.

624. In the Veda (but hardly outside of the RV.) are found certain 2d sing. forms, having an imperative value, made by adding the ending to the (accented and strengthened) root. In part, they are the only root-forms belonging to the roots from which they come: thus, (for, from √),  (√ pass), ; but the majority of them have forms (one or more) of a root-present, or sometimes of a root-aorist, beside them: thus,  (√ rule),  (√. attain),  (√ measure),  (√),. Their formal character is somewhat disputed; but they are probably indicative persons of the root-class, used imperatively.

625. Forms of this class are made from nearly 150 roots, either in the earlier language, or in the later, or in both: namely, from about 50 through the whole life of the language, from 80 in the older period (of Veda, Brāhmaṇa, and Sūtra) alone, and from a few (about 15) in the later period (epic and classical) only. Not a few of these roots, however, show only sporadic root-forms, beside a more usual conjugation of some other class; nor is it in all cases possible to separate clearly root-present from root-aorist forms.

a. Many roots of this class, as of the other classes of the first conjugation, show transfers to the second or -conjugation, forming a conjugation-stem by adding to their strong or weak stem, or