Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/248

 e. With the conditional use of subjunctive and optative is farther to be compared that of the so-called conditional tense: see below, 950.

f. As is indicated by many of the examples given above, it is usual in a conditional sentence, containing protasis and apodosis, to employ always the same mode, whether subjunctive or optative (or conditional), in each of the two clauses. For the older language, this is a rule well-nigh or quite without exception.

582. No distinction of meaning has been established between the modes of the present-system and those (in the older language) of the perfect and aorist-systems.

583. Participles, active and middle, are made from all the tense-stems — except the periphrastic future, and, in the later language, the aorist (and aorist participles are rare from the beginning).

a. The participles unconnected with the tense-systems are treated in chap. XIII. (952 ff.).

584. The general participial endings are अन्त् (weak form अत् ; fem. अन्ती  or अती : see above, 449) for the active, and आन  (fem. आना ) for the middle. But —

a. After a tense-stem ending in, the active participial suffix is virtually , one of the two 's being lost in the combination of stem-final and suffix.

b. After a tense-stem ending in, the middle participial suffix is instead of. But there are occasional exceptions to the rule as to the use of and  respectively, which will be pointed out in connection with the various formations below. Such exceptions are especially frequent in the causative: see 1043 f.

c. The perfect has in the active the peculiar suffix (weakest form, middle form ; fem, : see, for the inflection of this participle, above, 458 ff.).

d. For details, as to form of stem etc., and for special exceptions, see the following chapters.

585. The augment is a short अ, prefixed to a tense-stem — and, if the latter begin with a vowel, combining with that vowel irregularly into the heavier or diphthong