Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/221

 b. The same forms are used in the older language, without variation, except that (as usual) occurs for  and, and  for ;  when used adverbially is accented on the final, ;  (with accent, of course, on the first, ; or without accent, : 314) is used also as vocative; , too, occurs as vocative.

502. a. The former of these two pronouns, etc., plainly shows itself to be pieced together from a number of defective stems. The majority of forms come from the root, with which, as in the ordinary pronominal declension, (f. ) is combined in the singular. All these forms from have the peculiarity that in their substantive use they are either accented, as in the paradigm, or accentless (like  and the second forms from  and ). The remaining forms are always accented. From come, with entire regularity,, ,. The strong cases in dual and plural, and in part in singular, come not less regularly from a stem. And, , are evidently to be referred to a simple root  ( being apparently a double form: , like  etc., with ending ).

b. The Veda has from the root also the instrumental  and  (used in general adverbially), and the gen. loc. du. ; from, occurs once in RV.,  in AA., and  and  later. The RV. has in a small number of instances the irregular accentuation, ,.

c. In analogy with the other pronouns, is by the grammarians regarded as representative stem of this pronominal declension; and it is actually found so treated in a very small number of compounds ( and  are of Brāhmaṇa age). As regards the actual stems, furnishes nothing further; from  comes only the adverb  (RV., once); but  and  furnish a number of derivatives, mostly adverbial: thus, for example,, , , (?); ,  (Vedic particle), , , ,  (Vedic particle), , perhaps  and , and others.

503. The other pronoun, etc., has  for its leading stem, which in the singular takes in combination, like the -stems, the element  (f. ), and which shifts to  in part of the masc. and neut. plural. In part, too, like an adjective -stem, it lengthens its final in the feminine. The gen. sing, is the only example in the language of the ending  added to any other than an -stem. The nom. pl. is unique in form; its is (like that of a dual), or exempt from combination with a following vowel (138 b). and are also without analogies as regards their endings.

a. The grammarians, as usual, treat as representative stem of the declension, and it is found in this character in an extremely small number of words, as ;  is of Brāhmaṇa age. The ÇB. has also. But most of the derivatives, as of