Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/212

 Some of the first ordinals are irregularly made: thus,

a. 1 forms no ordinal; instead is used  (i. e.  foremost);  (from  beginning) appears first in the Sūtras, and  much later;

b. from 2, and  3, come  and  (secondarily, through  and abbreviated );

c. 4,  6, and  7, take the ending : thus,, , ; but for fourth are used also  and , and  belongs to the older language only; , for fifth, is excessively rare;

d. the numerals for 5 and 7 usually, and for 8, 9, 10, add, forming , , , , ;

e. for 11th to 19th, the forms are, , and so on (the same with the cardinals, except change of accent); but etc. occasionally occur also;

f. for the tens and intervening odd numbers from 20 onward, the ordinal has a double form — one made by adding the full (superlative) ending to the cardinal: thus,, , , etc.; the other, shorter, in , with abbreviation of the cardinal: thus,  20th;  30th;  40th;  50th;  60th;  70th;  80th;  90th; and so likewise  21st,  34th;  48th;  52d;  61st; and  and  and  19th; — and so on. Of these two forms, the latter and briefer is by far the more common, the other being not quotable from the Veda, and extremely rarely from the Brāhmaṇas. From 50th on, the briefer form is allowed by the grammarians only to the odd numbers, made up of tens and units; but it is sometimes met with, even in the later language, from the simple ten.

g. Of the higher numbers, and  form  and ; but their compounds have also the simpler form: thus,  or  101st.

h. Of the ordinals, (and ),, , and  (with ) form their feminine in ; all the rest make it in.

488. The ordinals, as in other languages, have other than ordinal offices to fill; and in Sanskrit especially they are general adjectives to the cardinals, with a considerable variety of meanings, as fractionals, as signifying composed of so many parts or so-many-fold, or containing so many, or (as was seen above, 479) having so many added.

a. In a fractional sense, the grammarians direct that their accent be shifted to the first syllable: thus, half;  third part;  quarter; and so on. But in accented texts only third, and  (ÇB.) and  quarter, are found so treated; for half occurs