Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/188

 a. The RV. has once the weak form in nom. pl.

b. Parallel with this is found the stem (division E); and from the latter alone in the older language are made the middle cases: thus,, , etc. (not  etc.).

429. a. Stems in, , , parallel with those in , , , and doubtless in many cases derived from them through transitional forms, are frequent in both the earlier and the later language, particularly as final members of compounds.

b. A number of -stems are more or less defective, making a part of their forms from other stems. Thus:

430. a. The stem n. day is in the later language used only in the strong and weakest cases, the middle (with the nom. sing., which usually follows their analogy) coming from  or : namely,  nom.-acc. sing.,, , etc. (PB. has ); but etc.,  or  (or ),  or,  (and, in V., ).

b. In the oldest language, the middle cases, , also occur.

c. In composition, only or  is used as preceding member; as final member,, , , or the derivatives ,.

d. The stem n. udder exchanges in like manner, in the old language, with  and, but has become later an -stem only (except in the fem  of adjective compounds): thus,  or , ,  or , ,. As derivative from it are made both and.

431. The neuter stems eye,  bone,  curds,  thigh, form in the later language only the weakest cases,, , ,  or , and so on; the rest of the inflection is made from stems in ,  etc.: see above, 343 i.

a. In the older language, other cases from the -stems occur: thus,, , and ; , , and ;.

432. The neuter stems blood,  liver,  ordure,  mouth,  water,  fore-arm,  broth, are required to make their nom.-acc.-voc. in all numbers from the parallel stems, , , , (in older language ), , , which are fully inflected.

a. Earlier occurs also the dual.

433. The stems m. road is reckoned in the later language as making the complete set of strong cases, with the irregularity that the nom.-voc. sing. adds a. The corresponding middle cases are made from, and the weakest from. Thus: