Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/180

 a. (AV., once) is the only middle case-form quotable from the older language. But compounds showing the middle stem — as, — are met with in Brāhmaṇas etc.

b. The corresponding feminine stem (of very infrequent occurrence) is either (ÇB.) or  (K. MS.).

405. The root overcome has in the Veda a double irregularity: its  is changeable to  even after an -vowel — as also in its single occurrence as an independent adjective (RV., ) — while it sometimes remains unchanged after an  or -vowel; and its  is either prolonged or remains unchanged, in both strong and weak cases. The quotable forms are: -, - or - or -, -, - or -, - or - or -; - (du.); - or -.

406. The compound (√ make offering) a certain priest or (BR.) a certain sacrifice is said to form the nom. and voc. sing, and to make its middle cases from.

a. Its only quotable form is f. (RV. and AV., each once). If the stem is a derivative from +√ conciliate, is very probably from  + √, which has the same meaning. But (RV., once) and  (RV., twice) show a similar apparent substitution in nom. sing. of the case-ending after long  for a final root-consonant ( and  respectively). Compare also the alleged (above, 403).

407. Compounds with or. The root or  makes, in combination with prepositions and other words, a considerable class of familiarly used adjectives, of quite irregular formation and inflection, in some of which it almost loses its character of root, and becomes an ending of derivation.

a. A part of these adjectives have only two stem-forms: a strong in (yielding, from , in nom. sing. masc.), and a weak in ; others distinguish from the middle in  a weakest stem in , before which the  is contracted with a preceding  or  into  or.

b. The feminine is made by adding to the stem-form used in the weakest cases, and is accented like them.

408. As examples of inflection we may take forward, east,  opposite, west,  going apart.