Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/177

 inflected perfect participles: see 462 a) in the later language, but  in the earlier.  Thus:, , , , , , ; , , ; , , , , ,.

a. The accentuation of the weak forms, it will be noticed, is that of a true monosyllabic stem. The forms with -endings nowhere occur in the older language, nor do they appear to have been cited from the later. Instances of the confusion of strong and weak forms are occasionally met with. As to the retention of unlingualized in the weakest cases (whence necessarily follows that in the loc. pl.), see 183 a.

b. This stem appears under a considerable variety of forms in composition and derivation: thus, as in, , , -, etc.; as  in , , , , etc.; as  in ; — at the end of a compound, either with its full inflection, as in  etc.; or as , in , ; or as  in  (TS. TA.).

395. The stem m. road is defective in declension, forming only the weakest cases, while the strong are made from  or, and the middle from : see under -stems, below, 433.

396. The stem m. tooth is perhaps of participial origin, and has, like a participle, the forms  and, strong and weak: thus (V.), , , , etc.;  acc. pl. etc. But in the middle cases it has the monosyllabic and not the participial accent: thus,,. In nom. pl. occurs also - instead of -. By the grammarians, the strong cases of this word are required to be made from.

397. A number of other words of this division are defective, making part of their inflection from stems of a different form.

a. Thus, n. heart,  or  n. meat,  m. month,  f. nose,  f. night (not found in the older language),  f. army, are said by the grammarians to lack the nom. of all numbers and the accus. sing. and du. (the neuters, of course, the acc. pl. also), making them respectively from, , , , ,. But the usage in the older language is not entirely in accordance with this requirement: thus, we find flesh accus. sing.; month nom. sing.; and nostrils du. From occurs only the loc. pl. and (RV., once) the same case with double ending,.

398. On the other hand, certain stems of this division, allowed by the grammarians a full inflection, are used to fill up the deficiencies of those of another form.

a. Thus, n. blood,  n. ordure,  n. liver,  n. (also m.) fore-arm, have beside them defective stems in : see below, 432. Of none of them, however, is anything but the nom.-acc. sing. found in the older language, and other cases later are but very scantily represented.