Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/171

 together with a comparatively small number of others which are inflected like these.

They will be taken up in the order thus indicated.

383. The stems of this division may be classified as follows:

I. a. Root-stems, having in them no demonstrable element added to a root: thus, verse,  song,  foot,, direction,  (V.) great.

b. Such stems, however, are not always precisely identical in form with the root: thus, from √,  from √,  from √,  from √ (?),  from √ shine; — from roots in final  come stems in  and : thus,, , ; , , , , , , ; and  from √.

c. With these may be ranked the stems with reduplicated root, as, , ,.

d. Words of this division in uncompounded use are tolerably frequent in the older language: thus, in RV. are found more than a hundred of them; in AV., about sixty; but in the classical Sanskrit the power of using any root at will in this way is lost, and the examples are comparatively few. In all periods, however, the adjective use as final of a compound is very common (see below, 401).

e. As to the infinitive use of various cases of the root-noun, see 971.

II. f. Stems made by the addition of to a final short vowel of a root.

g. No proper root-stem ends in a short vowel, although there are (354) examples of transfer of such to short-vowel-declensions; but or  or  adds a  to make a declinable form: thus, -, -, -. Roots in, however, as has just been seen (b), also make stems in or.

h. As regards the frequency and use of these words, the same is true as was stated above respecting root-stems. The Veda offers examples of nearly thirty such formations, a few of them (,, , , , and if this is taken from ) in independent use. Of roots in, is added by , , , , , , , , and. The roots (or ) and  also make - and - by addition of the  to an abbreviated form in  (thus,, , , , and ).

III. i. Monosyllabic (also a few apparently reduplicated) stems not certainly connectible with any verbal root in the language, but having the aspect of root-stems, as containing no traceable suffix: