Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/166

 c. The abl.-gen. sing. changes to  (or : 169 b).

d. The gen. pl. (as in and -stems) inserts  before, and lengthens the stem-final before it. But the of  may also remain short.

e. The above are the rules of the later language. The older presents certain deviations from them. Thus:

f. The ending in nom.-acc.-voc. du. is (as universally in the Veda) regularly instead of  (only ten -forms in RV.).

g. The of loc. sing. is lengthened to in a few words: thus,.

h. In the gen. pl., the RV. has once, without inserted ; and instead of  is frequent.

i. Other irregularities of are the sing. dat. , gen., and loc. . The Veda writes always in gen. pl., but its  is in a majority of cases metrically long.

j. The stem f. dawn has the voc. sing. , the gen. sing. ; and the accus. pl. also, and loc. sing. (which is metrically trisyllabic: ), as if in analogy with and -stems. Once occurs in loc. sing., but it is to be read as if the regular trisyllabic form, (for the exchange of  and, see 181 a).

k. From come only  (apparently) and.

l. In the gen.-loc. du., the is almost always to be read as a separate syllable,, before the ending : thus, , etc. On the contrary,  is once to be read.

m. For neuter forms, see below, 375.

372. Accent. The accentuation follows closely the rules for - and -stems: if on the final of the stem, it continues, as acute, on the corresponding syllable throughout, except in the gen. pl., where it may be (and in the Veda always is) thrown forward upon the ending; where, in the weakest cases, becomes, the ending has the accent. The two monosyllabic stems, and, do not show the monosyllabic accent: thus (besides the forms already given above), ,.

373. Examples of declension. As models of this mode of inflection, we may take from the first class (with आर् in the strong forms) the stems दातृ  m. giver and स्वसृ  f. sister; from the second class (with अर्  in the strong forms), the stem पितृ  m. father.