Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/160

 2. c. The great mass of derivative feminine -stems.

d. This class is without exception in the later language. In the earlier, it suffers the exception pointed out above (355 b): that feminines made with change of accent follow this mode of declension only when the accent is not on the : thus,, , ,.

e. The -stems of this division in general are regarded as made by contraction of an earlier ending in. Their inflection has become in the later language somewhat mixed with that of the other division, and so far different from the Vedic inflection: see below, 363 g.

f. Very few derivative stems in are recognized by the grammarians as declined like the root-division; the Vedic words of that class are, if retained in use, transferred to this mode of inflection.

g. A very small number of masculine -stems (half-a-dozen) are in the Veda declined as of the derivative division: they are a few rare proper names, etc.; and  and  (only one case each).

3. h. The -stems are few in number, and are transfers from the other division, assimilated in inflection to the great class of derivative stems (except that they retain the ending of the nom. sing.).

363. Endings. The points of distinction between this and the other division are as follows:

a. In nom. sing. the usual -ending is wanting: except in the -stems and a very few -stems — namely,, , , — which have preserved the ending of the other division.

b. The accus. sing. and pl. add simply and  respectively.

c. The dat., abl.-gen., and loc. sing. take always the fuller endings, , ; and these are separated from the final of the -stems by an interposed. In Brāhmaṇa etc., is generally substituted for  (307 h).

d. Before the endings of instr. sing. and of gen.-loc. du., the final of -stems is treated as if changed to ; but in the Veda, the instr. ending very often (in nearly half the occurrences) blends with the final to. The of -stems is in a few Vedic examples contracted to, and even to. A loc. sing. in occurs a few times.

e. In all the weakest cases above mentioned, the accent of an - or -stem having acute final is thrown forward upon the ending. In the remaining case of the same class, the gen. pl., a is always interposed between stems and ending, and the accent remains upon the former (in RV., however, it is usually thrown forward upon the ending, as in  and -stems).

f. In voc. sing., final becomes ; final  and  are shortened.

g. In nom.-acc.-voc. du. and nom. pl. appears in (and )-stems a marked difference between the earlier and later language, the latter borrowing the forms of the other division. The du. ending is unknown in RV., and very rare in AV.; the Vedic ending is  (a corresponding dual of -stems does not occur). The regular later pl. ending has only a