Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/150

 l. Accus.: masc., ; fem. ,.

m. Instr., dat.-abl., and loc., as above; also gen. (but with the resolution in part).

343. Irregular declension. There are no irregular -stems, and only a very few -stems.

a. m. friend has for the five strong cases a peculiarly strengthened base (vriddhied), namely, which in the nom. sing. is reduced to (without ending), and in the other cases takes the normal endings. The instr. and dat. sing. have the normal endings simply, without inserted or ; the abl.-gen. sing. adds ; and the loc. sing. adds : the rest is like. Thus:

Sing. ,, , , , , ; Du. ,, ; Pl. , , etc. etc.

b. The Veda has usually du., and often resolves the  to, in , , etc. The compounds are usually declined like the simple word, unless (1315 b)  be substituted.

c. There is a corresponding fem., (declined like : 364); but the forms of  are also sometimes found used with feminine value.

d. m. is declined regularly in composition, and when it has the meaning lord, master; when uncompounded and when meaning husband, it is inflected like  in the instr., dat., abl.-gen., and loc. sing., forming, , ,. There are occasional instances of confusion of the two classes of forms.

e. For as the final member of a possessive compound is regularly and usually substituted  in the fem.: thus,  having a living husband;  having a barbarian for master.

f. f. wife has the gen. sing. in the Veda.

g. eager, greedy, hostile has in the Veda  in pl. nom. and accus., masc. and fem. Its accus. sing. is or.

h. bird has in RV. the nom. (beside ). In the plural it accents, , but.

i. The stems eye,  bone,  curds, and  thigh, are defective, their forms exchanging with and complementing forms from stems in  ( etc.): see the stems in, below (431).

j. The stem road is used to make up part of the inflection of : see below, 433.

k. m. jackal lacks the strong cases, for which the corresponding forms of  are substituted.

344. Original adjective stems in are few; those in  are much more numerous (many derivative verb-stems forming a participial