Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/141

 before which is made long: this ending is found in no other noun-declension, and elsewhere only in the personal pronouns (of all numbers).

f. The gen. has added to the final ; and this ending is also limited to -stems (with the single exception of the pronoun : 501). Its final is in only three cases made long in the Veda; and its  is vocalized  almost as rarely.

g. The loc. ends in (as if by combining the normal ending  with the final of the stem), without exception.

h. The voc. is the bare stem.

328. Dual. a. The dual endings in general are the normal ones.

b. The nom., acc., and voc. masc. end in the later language always in. In the Veda, however, the usual ending is simple (in RV., in seven eights of the occurrences). The same cases in the neut. end in, which appears to be the result of fusion of the stem-final with the normal ending.

c. The instr., dat., and abl. have (in only one or two Vedic instances resolved into ), with the stem-final lengthened to  before it.

d. The gen. and loc. have a inserted after the stem-final before  (or as if the  had been changed to ). In one or two (doubtful) Vedic instances (as also in the pronominal forms and ),  is substituted for the final.

329. Plural. a. The nom. masc. has in the later language the normal ending combined with the final  to. But in the Veda the ending instead is frequent (one third of the occurrences in RV., but only one twenty-fifth in the peculiar parts of AV.).

b. The acc. masc. ends in (for earlier, of which abundant traces are left in the Veda, and, under the disguise of apparent euphonic combination, even in the later language: see above, 208 ff.).

c. The nom. and acc. neut. have in the later language always the ending (like the -stems: see 421; or else with, as in the gen. pl., before normal ). But in the Veda this ending alternates with simple (which in RV. is to  as three to two, in point of frequency; in AV., as three to four).

d. The instr. ends later always in ; but in the Veda is found abundantly the more normal form (in RV., nearly as frequently as ; in AV., only one fifth as frequent).

e. The dat. and abl. have as ending, with  instead of the final  before it (as in the Vedic instr., the loc. pl., the gen. loc. du. [?], and the instr. sing.). The resolution into is not infrequent in the Veda.

f. The gen. ends in, the final being lengthened and having  inserted before the normal ending. The of the ending is not seldom (in less than half the instances) to be read as two syllables, : opinions are divided as to whether the resolution is historical or metrical only. A