Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/133

 from -stems end also in and. The pronominal element - makes the locative -. Stems in in the older language often lose the, and use the bare stem as locative.

j. The ending is the locative correspondent to dat. and abl.-gen. , and is taken under the same circumstances: see above.

k. The vocative (unless by accent: 314) is distinguished from the nominative only in the singular, and not quite always there. In -stems, it is the unaltered stem, and so also in most consonant-stems; but neuters in and  may drop the ; and the oldest language has sometimes a vocative in  from stems in  and. Stems in change this to. In masc. and fem. - and -stems, the case ends respectively in and ; in neuters, in the same or in  or. Stems in change  to ; derivative  and  are shortened; radical stems in long vowels use the nominative form.

308. Dual. a. The dual has — except so far as the vocative is sometimes distinguished from nominative and accusative by a difference of accent: 314 — only three case-forms: one for nom., accus., and voc.; one for instr., dat. and abl.; and one for gen. and loc.

b. But the pronouns of 1st and 2d person in the older language distinguish five dual cases: see 492 b.

c. The masc. and fem. ending for nom.-accus.-voc. is in the later language usually ; but instead of this the Veda has prevailingly. Stems in make the case end in. Stems in and, masc. and fem., lengthen those vowels; and derivative  in the Veda remains regularly unchanged, though later it adds. The neuter ending is only ; with final this combines to.

d. The universal ending for the instr.-dat.-abl. is, before which final is made long. In the Veda, it is often to be read as two syllables,.

e. The universal ending of gen.-loc. is ; before this, and  alike become.

309. Plural. a. In the nominative, the general masculine and feminine ending is. The old language, however, often makes the case in instead of  from -stems, and in a few examples also from -stems. From derivative -stems, instead of  is the regular and usual Vedic form. Pronominal -stems make the mas. nom. in.

b. The neuter ending (which is accusative also) is in general ; and before this the final of a stem is apt to be strengthened, by prolongation of a vowel, or by insertion of a nasal, or by both. But in the Veda the hence resulting forms in, , are frequently abbreviated by loss of the , and sometimes by further shortening of the preceding vowel.