Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/132

 b. In the accusative, or  is the masc. and fem. ending —  being added after a consonant and, and after  and  in the radical division, and  elsewhere after vowels. The neuter accusative is like the nominative.

c. The instrumental ending for all genders alike is. With final - and -vowels, the is variously combined, and in the older language it is sometimes lost by contraction with them. Stems in make the case end in  (sometimes  in V.), and those in  make it end in ; but instances occur, in the early language, of immediate addition of  to both  and.

d. The dative ending is in general ; and with it likewise the modes of combination of and  final are various (and disappearance by contraction not unknown in the oldest language). The -stems are quite irregular in this case, making it end in — excepted is the pronominal element -, which combines (apparently) with  to -. In the personal pronouns is found (or ).

e. A fuller ending (like gen.-abl.  and loc. : see below) belongs to feminine stems only. It is taken (with interposed ) by the great class of those in derivative ; also by those in derivative, and (as reckoned in the later language) in derivative. And later it is allowed to be taken by feminine stems in radical and, and even by those in  and : these last have it in the earliest language in only exceptional instances. For the substitution of for abl.-gen. , see below, h.

f. The ablative has a special ending, (or ), only in -stems, masc. and neut., the  being lengthened before it (except in the personal pronouns of 1st and 2d person, which have the same ending  in the pl., and even, in the old language, in the dual). Everywhere else, the ablative is identical with the genitive.

g. The genitive of -stems (and of one pronominal -stem, ) adds. Elsewhere, the usual abl.-gen. ending is ; but its irregularities of treatment in combination with a stem-final are considerable. With and, it is either directly added (only in the old language), added with interposed , or fused to  and  respectively. With (or ) it yields  (or : 169 b).

h. The fuller is taken by feminine stems precisely as  is taken in the dative: see above. But in the language of the Brāhmaṇas and Sūtras, the dative-ending is regularly and commonly used instead of, both of ablative and of genitive. See 365 d.

i. The locative ending is in consonant- and  and -stems (fusing with  to  in the latter). The - and -stems (unless the final vowel is saved by an interposed ) make the case end in ; but the Veda has some relics or traces of the older forms ( [?] and ) out of which this appears to have sprung. Vedic locatives