Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/121

 (1111), is used adverbially, while certain kinds of compounds are thus used to such an extent that the Hindu grammarians have made of them a special adverbial class (1313).

e. Special cases are occasionally met with: thus, (ÇB.) he kept a term of studentship;  (MS.) they ripen their fruit;  (MS., S.) gamble for a cow.

277. The accusative is, of course, freely used with other cases to limit the same verb, as the sense requires. And whenever it is usable with a verb in two different constructions, the verb may take two accusatives, one in each construction: and such combinations are quite frequent in Sanskrit. Thus, with verbs of appealing, asking, having recourse: as, (RV.) I ask the waters for medicine;  (R.) I desire truth from thee;  (MBh.) we have resorted to thee for succor; — with verbs of bringing, sending, following, imparting, saying: as,  (H.) they bring a man to respectability;  (R.) and let Sītā accompany me to the forest;  (RV.) they let me go home well adorned;  (MBh.) this he said to her; — and in other less common cases: as,  (RV.) shake ripe fruit from the tree;  (AV.) poison he milked from her;  (MBh.) having won the kingdom from Nala;  (RV.) ye robbed the Paṇi of the kine;  (R.) we wish to see our son for the last time.

a. A causative form of a transitive verb regularly admits two accusative objects: thus, (RV.) make the eager gods drink the oblation;  (MS.) he makes the plants bear fruit;  (M.) he should cause the merchants to pay taxes. But such a causative sometimes takes an instrumental instead of a second accusative: see 282 b.

278. Uses of the Instrumental. The instrumental is originally the with-case: it denotes adjacency, accompaniment, association — passing over into the expression of means and instrument by the same transfer of meaning which appears in the English prepositions with and by.

a. Nearly all the uses of the case are readily deducible from this fundamental meaning, and show nothing anomalous or difficult.

279. The instrumental is often used to signify accompaniment: thus, (RV.) may Agni come hither along with the gods;  (RV.) we would call Rudra with the Maruts;  (MBh.) whither wilt thou go, with Dvāpara for companion?  (MBh.) talking with the Nishadhan. But the relation of simple accompaniment is more often helped to plainer expression by prepositions ( etc.: 284).