Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/118

 name. Both constructions are combined in (M.) for to an ignorant man they give the name of ‘child’, but that of ‘father’ to one who imparts the sacred texts.

c. A nominative, instead of a second vocative, is sometimes added to a vocative by and: thus,  (RV.) together with Indra, do ye two drink the soma, O Bṛhaspati!  (TS.) O ye All-Gods, and the sacrificer, take seats!

269. Uses of the Accusative. The accusative is especially the case of the direct object of a transitive verb, and of any word qualifying that object, as attribute or appositive or objective predicate. The construction of the verb is shared, of course, by its participles and infinitives; but also, in Sanskrit, by a number of other derivatives, having a more or less participial or infinitival character, and even sometimes by nouns and adjectives. A few prepositions are accompanied by the accusative. As less direct object, or goal of motion or action, the accusative is construed especially with verbs of approach and address. It is found used more adverbially as adjunct of place or time or manner; and a host of adverbs are accusative cases in form. Two accusatives are often found as objects of the same verb.

270. The use of the accusative as direct object of a transitive verb and of its infinitives and participles hardly needs illustration; an example or two are: I praise Agni;  bringing homage;  thou shouldst give more. Of predicate words qualifying the object, an example is (RV.) him I make formidable, him a priest.

271. Of verbal derivatives having so far a participial character that they share the construction of the verb, the variety is considerable: thus —

a. Derivatives in from desiderative stems (1038) have wholly the character of present participles: thus,  (MBh.) desiring to win Damayantī;  (R.) desiring to see Janaka’s daughter. Rarely, also, the verbal noun in from such a root: thus,  (R.) with desire of paradise.

b. So-called primary derivatives in have the same character: thus,  (AV.) loving me;  (MBh.) addressing him. Even the obviously secondary has in ÇB. the same construction: thus, he became pregnant with all beings.

c. Derivations in, in the later language: as, (MBh.) intending to salute you;  (R.) besieging Mithilā.

d. Nouns in, very frequently in the older language, and as periphrastic future forms (942 ff.) in the later: thus,