Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/112

 b. The (quotable) -roots are 2 strew, 1  sing, 2  swallow, 1  wear out,, 1  crush.

c. The (quotable) and -roots are, 1  pierce, 1  fill, 1  die, 2  choose, ,.

d. Forms analogous with these are sometimes made also from other roots: thus,, , , from √; and  from √.

243. In a few cases comes from the contraction of other syllables than  and : thus, in  and, from ; in , from ; in , from.

244. Vowel-lengthening concerns especially and, since lengthening of  is in part (except where in evident analogy with that of  and ) indistinguishable from its increment, and  is made long only in certain plural cases of stems in  (or : 369 ff.). Lengthening is a much more irregular and sporadic change than increment, and its cases will in general be left to be pointed out in connection with the processes of inflection and derivation: a few only will be mentioned here.

245. a. Final radical and  are especially liable to prolongation before : as in passive and gerund and so on.

b. Final radical and  (from variable -roots: 242) are liable to prolongation before all consonants except those of personal endings: namely, before  and  and : and in declensions before  and  (392). Radical has the same prolongation in declension (392).

246. Compensatory lengthening, or absorption by a vowel of the time of a lost following consonant, is by no means common. Certain instances of it have been pointed out above (179, 198 c, d, 199 d, 222 b). Perhaps such cases as for  (371 a) and  for  (439) are to be classed here.

247. The final vowel of a former member of a compound is often made long, especially in the Veda. Prolongations of final, and before , are most frequent; but cases are found of every variety. Examples are:, , , , , , , , ; , , , , , ; , , ,.

248. In the Veda, the final vowel of a word — generally, much less often and  — is in a large number of cases prolonged. Usually the prolongation takes place where it is favored by the metre, but sometimes even where the metre opposes the change (for details, see the various Prātiçākhyas).

Words of which the finals are thus treated are: