Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/111

 a. In root and suffix-syllables, instead of : thus, from √,  from,  from √,  and  and  from √ (or ),  from  (or ).

b. Especially often, in initial syllables in secondary derivation: thus, from,  from ,  from ,  from  (1204).

But—

240. The -increment does not usually take place in a heavy syllable ending with a consonant: that is to say, the rules prescribing in processes of derivation and inflection do not apply to a short vowel which is “long by position”, nor to a long vowel unless it be final: thus,  from √, but  from √;  from √, but  from √.

a. The -increment is not liable to this restriction.

b. Exceptions to the rule are occasionally met with: thus,, from √; , , etc., from √;  etc. from √;  etc. from √ consider; and especially, from roots in :  , , etc., from √;  from √; , , from √ — on account of which it is, doubtless, that these roots are written with  ( etc.) by the Hindu grammarians, although they nowhere show a short , in either verb-forms or derivatives.

c. A few cases occur of prolongation instead of increment; thus, from √,  from √.

The changes of (more original  or ) are so various as to call for further description.

241. The increments of are sometimes  and, instead of  and : namely, especially, where by such reversal a difficult combination of consonants is avoided: thus, from √,  and ; but also  and ,  and ,  and.

242. In a number of roots (about a dozen quotable ones) ending in (for more original ), the  exchanges both with, and more irregularly, in a part of the forms, with  — or also with  (especially after a labial, in , , , sporadically in others): which  and , again, are liable to prolongation into  and. Thus, for example, from (or ), we have, , , , by regular processes; but also , , , -, , and even (V.) , ,. The treatment of such roots has to be described in speaking of each formation.

a. For the purpose of artificially indicating this peculiarity of treatment, such roots are by the Hindu grammarians written with long, or with both and : no  actually appears anywhere among their forms.