Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/110

 अ is its own ; आ, of course, remains unchanged for both  and.

236. The series of corresponding degrees is then as follows: a. There is nowhere any occurrence of in a situation to undergo either  or -change; nor does  (26) ever suffer change to. Theoretically, would have the same changes as ; and the  of  would be.

b. In secondary derivatives requiring of the first syllable (1204), the  of  (361 c) is strengthened to : thus,,.

237. The historical relations of the members of each vowel-series are still matters of some difference of opinion. From the special point of view of the Sanskrit, the simple vowels wear the aspect of being in general the original or fundamental ones, and the others of being products of their increment or strengthening, in two several degrees — so that the rules of formation direct, , , , to be raised to  or  respectively, under specified conditions. But has long been so clearly seen to come by abbreviation or weakening from an earlier  (or ) that many European grammarians have preferred to treat the -forms as the original and the other as the derivative. Thus, for example: instead of assuming certain roots to be and, and making from them  and , and  and , by the same rules which from  and  and from  and  form  and ,  and ,  and ,  and  — they assume  and  to be the roots, and give the rules of formation for them in reverse. In this work, as already stated (104 e), the -form is preferred.

238. The -increment is an Indo-European phenomenon, and is in many cases seen to occur in connection with an accent on the increased syllable. It is found —

a. In root-syllables: either in inflection, as from √,  from √; or in derivation, as, , ,.

b. In formative elements: either conjugational class-signs, as from ; or suffixes of derivation, in inflection or in further derivation, as  from,  from ,  from  (or ),  from.

239. The -increment is specifically Indian, and its occurrence is less frequent and regular. It is found —