Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/109

 (and for this, by 231, ) for, for ,  for ,  for ,  for. These are the only quotable cases: compare 883.

f. A final of root or tense-stem is in a few instances lost after a sonant aspirate, and the combination of mutes is then made as if no sibilant had ever intervened. Thus, from the root, with omission of the vowel and then of the final sibilant, we have the form (for : 3d sing. mid.), the participle  (in ), and the derivative  (for ; in ); and further, from the reduplicated form of the same root, or √, we have , , ,  (from  etc.); also, in like manner, from , reduplication of , the form  (for ). According to the Hindu grammarians, the same utter loss of the aorist-sign takes place after a final sonant aspirate of a root before an ending beginning with  or : thus, from √, -aorist stem  act. and mid., come the active dual and plural persons  and  and, and the middle singular persons  and. None of the active forms, however, have been found quotable from the literature, ancient or modern; and the middle forms admit also of a different explanation: see 834, 883.

234. Under this head, we take up first the changes that affect vowels, and then those that affect consonants — adding for convenience’s sake, in each case, a brief notice of the vowel and consonant elements that have come to bear the apparent office of connectives.

235. The so-called and -changes are the most regular and frequent of vowel-changes, being of constant occurrence both in inflection and in derivation.

a. A -vowel ( secondary quality) differs from the corresponding simple vowel by a prefixed -element which is combined with the other according to the usual rules; a -vowel ( growth, increment), by the further prefixion of to the -vowel. Thus, of इ or ई  the corresponding  is (+=) ए ; the corresponding  is (+=) ऐ. But in all gunating processes अ remains unchanged — or, as it is sometimes expressed,