Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/106

 classes of roots, and perhaps with the occasional change of  to  (167–8). It is a very infrequent case, occurring (save as it may be assumed in the case of ) only once in RV. and once in AV. (- and -), although those texts have more than 40 roots with final ; in the Brāhmaṇas, moreover, have been noticed further only - and (ÇB.), and - (K.). From, RV. has the anomalous form (2d and 3d sing., for  and ).

e. Before in internal combination (except  of loc. pl.) it becomes : thus,, ,.

f. This change is of anomalous phonetic character, and difficult of explanation. It is also practically of very rare occurrence. The only RV. examples (apart from, above) are , from √, and the desid. stem from √; AV. has only and, and the desid. stem from √. Other examples are quotable from √√ and and  (ÇB. etc.), and  (ÇB.); and they are by the Hindu grammarians prescribed to be formed from about half-a-dozen other roots.

227. As a general rule, is not allowed by the grammarians to stand in that form after a vowel, but is to be doubled, becoming  (which the manuscripts sometimes write ).

a. The various authorities disagree with one another in detail as to this duplication. According to Pāṇini, is doubled within a word after either a long or a short vowel; and, as initial, necessarily after a short and after the particles  and, and optionally everywhere after a long. In RV., initial is doubled after a long vowel of  only, and certain special cases after a short vowel are excepted. For the required usage in the other Vedic texts, see their several Prātiçākhyas. The Kāṭhaka writes for original (not  from combination of  or  with : 203) after a vowel everywhere. The manuscripts in general write simple.

b. Opinions are still at variance as to how far this duplication has an etymological ground, and how far it is only an acknowledgment of the fact that makes a heavy syllable even after a short vowel (makes “position”: 79). As the duplication is accepted and followed by most European scholars, it will be also adopted in this work in words and sentences (not in roots and stems).

228. After, any consonant (save a spirant before a vowel) is by the grammarians either allowed or required to be doubled (an aspirate, by prefixing the corresponding non-aspirate: 154).

Thus:

अर्क, or अर्क्क ; कार्य , or कार्य्य ;

अर्थ, or अर्त्थ ; दीर्घ , or दीर्ग्घ.