Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/104

 b. of the second or -class:, , , or , , , , , , ,  (?).

c. But forms also (not in RV.) the participle  and agent-noun, as well as  and ; and  and  are allowed by the grammarians to do likewise: such forms as  and , however, have not been met with in use.

d. From roots of the -class we find also in the Veda the forms, nom. sing., and and ; and hence  (the only occurrence) does not certainly prove √ to be of the -class.

e. A number of other -roots are not proved by their occurring forms to belong to either class; they, too, are with more or less confidence assigned to the one or the other by comparison with the related languages.

f. In derivation, before certain suffixes (216), we have instead of  from verbs of either class.

g. The root comes from original  instead of, and its reversion is accordingly to a dental mute: thus, , , , ,. So also the root comes from (early Vedic), and shows labials in many forms and derivatives (though it is assimilated to other -roots in the desiderative stem ). In like manner, is used for  in some of the forms and derivatives of √ put; and further analogous facts are the stem  beside, the double imperative ending  and , and the dative  beside  (491).

224. Irregularities of combination are:

a. The vowel is not lengthened after the loss of the -element: thus,, ,  (the only cases; and in the Veda their first syllable has metrical value as heavy or long).

b. The roots and  change their vowel to  instead of lengthening it: thus,, , ,. But from in the older language forms with  are more frequent: thus,,  (also later),. The root changes the vowel of its class-sign  into  instead of lengthening it: thus,, ,  (the grammarians teach also  and : but no such forms are quotable, and, if ever actually in use, they must have been made by false analogy with the others).

c. These anomalous vowel-changes seem to stand in connection with the fact that the cases showing them are the only ones where other than an alterant vowel (180) comes before the lingualized sibilant representative of the. Compare etc.

d. Apparently by dissimilation, the final of in the anomalous compound  is changed to  instead of : see 404.