Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/102

 a. But a few roots exhibit the reversions of final to  before  and, and also when final (145): they are , , , and optionally ; and  has in V. always , loc. pl., but, , etc. Examples are , , , (or ).

Examples of remaining unchanged before vowels etc. are:, , , , ,.

b. A remains irregularly unchanged before  in the compound.

219. Final ज् is in one set of words treated like च्, and in another set like श्.

Thus, from :, , , , , , ; , ,.

Again, from etc.:, ; , , , ; , , , ,.

a. To the former or -class belong (as shown by their quotable forms) about twenty roots and radical stems: namely,, , (not V.),  color, , , , , , 1 and 2 , , , , , , ; , , , ; — also, stems formed with the suffixes  and  (383. IV), as , ; and , though containing the root.

b. To the latter or -class belong only about one third as many: namely,, , , , , ,.

c. A considerable number of -roots are not placed in circumstances to exhibit the distinction; but such roots are in part assignable to one or the class on the evidence of the related languages. The distinction appears, namely, only when the occurs as final, or is followed, either in inflection or in derivation, by a dental mute, or, in noun-inflection, by  or. In derivation (above, 216) we find a sometimes from the -class: thus, , etc.; and (216 l) before Vedic mid. endings,, , etc. (beside ) — while from the -class occur only , , , with. And MS. has from (√).

220. Final falls under the rules of combination almost only in the root, in which it is treated as if it were  ( being, indeed, its more original form): thus, , , and also the derivative. As final and in noun-inflection (before and ), it is changed to the lingual mute: thus,.

a. is called the participle of, and a gerund  is given to the same root. They (with ) must doubtless come from a simpler form of the root.

b. Of there is no occurrence: the grammarians require it to be treated like.