Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/100



214. These sounds show in some situations a reversion (43) to the original gutturals from which they are derived. The treatment of and, also, is different, according as they represent the one or the other of two different degrees of alteration from their originals.

215. The palatals and are the least stable of alphabetic sounds, undergoing, in virtue of their derivative character, alteration in many cases where other similar sounds are retained.

216. Thus, in derivation, even before vowels, semivowels;, [sic] and nasals, reversion to guttural form is by no means rare. The cases are the following:

a. Before of suffix, final  becomes  in , , , , , , , , ,  etc., , , , , , , , ;—final  becomes  in , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ;—final  becomes  in , , ,  (and , ), , , , , , ; and in  and. In (√) we have further an anomalous substitution of a surd for the final sonant of the root.

b. In another series of derivatives with, the altered sound appears: examples are , , , , , , , ,.

c. Before the suffixes and, the guttural only rarely appears: namely, in , , , , , and in ; also in.

d. Before an -vowel, the altered sound appears (except in, , , , ): thus, , , , , ,.

e. Before, the guttural reappears, as a rule (the cases are few): thus, , , , , , (and ).

f. Before, the examples of reversion are few, except of (becoming ) before the participial ending  (957 c): thus, ,  (with the final also made sonant); and participles , , etc.; and apparently  from √.

g. Before (of, , , ), the guttural generally appears: thus, , , ,  (with sonant change); , , , ; ;  and  (with sonant change): — but , ,.

h. Before, the altered sound is used: thus, , , , ,. Such cases as, , , are doubtless secondary derivatives from  etc.