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 half an hour to an hour. At daylight I again steered towards it, and about 5, when the smoke had for a moment cleared away at the base, I saw a small hillock of a dark colour a few feet above the sea. This was soon hidden again, and was only visible through the smoke at the intervals between the more violent eruptions.

“The volcano was in a constant state of activity, and appeared to be discharging dust and stones with vast volumes of steam. At 7-30, the rushing noise of the eruptions was heard. At 9, being distant from it about two miles, and the water being much discoloured with dark objects at the surface in various places, I hove to and went in a boat to sound round and examine it. I rowed towards it, keeping on the weather side and sounding, but got no bottom till within twenty yards of the western side, where I had eighteen fathoms soft bottom; this was the only sounding obtained, except from the brig, one mile true north from the centre of the island, where the depth was 130 fathoms soft dark brown mud. The crater (for it was now evident that such was its form) seemed to be composed of fine cinders and mud of a dark brown colour; within it was to be seen in the intervals between the eruptions a mixture of muddy water, steam, and cinders dashing up and down, and occasionally running into the sea over the edge of the crater, which I found on rowing round to be broken down to the level of the sea on the W.S.W. side for the space of ten or twelve yards. Here I obtained a better view of the interior, which appeared to be filled with muddy water violently agitated, from which showers of hot stones or cinders were constantly shooting up a few yards, and falling into it again; but the great quantities of steam that constantly rose from it prevented my seeing the whole crater.

“A considerable stream of muddy water flowed outward through the opening, and, mingling with that of the sea, caused the discolouration that had been observed before. I could not approach near enough to observe its temperature; but that of the sea, within ten or twelve yards of it, was only one degree higher than the average, and to leeward of the island, in the direction of the current (which ran to the eastward), no difference could be perceived, even where the water was most discoloured; however, as a ‘mirage’ played above it near its surface, it was probably hot there. – The dark objects on the surface of the sea proved to be patches of small floating cinders. The island or crater appeared to be 70 or 90 yards in its external diameter, and the lip as thin as it could be, consistent with its height, which might be 20 feet above the sea in the highest, and six feet in the lowest part, leaving the rest for the diameter of the area within. These details could only be observed in the intervals between the great eruptions, some of which I witnessed from the boat. No words can describe their sublime grandeur; their progress was generally as follows: – After the volcano had emitted for some time its usual quantities of white steam, suddenly the whole aperture was filled with an