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 by the comitia curiata in historical times will be described elsewhere. Its most distinctive right—the lex curiata—had perhaps been a real power in the hands of the Patricians, as long as they were its sole members, although their preponderance in the comitia centuriata would have made a conflict between these two bodies unlikely; but there probably never was a time when the masses of the Plebs gathered curiatim upset the verdict of the Patricians and wealthy Plebeians assembled centuriatim.

When we consider this situation, it is not surprising that the leading features of the first period of development of the Roman constitution (494-287 ) were an attempt to limit the power of the magistrates, and a struggle of the Plebs for equality with the Patriciate. The two struggles do not run on parallel lines but are interwoven at every point, since the magistracy represented the Patriciate. Nor do they represent merely an effort to weaken or to obtain political privilege; in their earlier stages the motive of the Plebs is not ambition, but defence. Their first efforts have the negative object of the protection of rights, not the positive design of an attempt to share in a political power which was closed to their order.

Tradition represents the earliest social struggles of the Plebs as centring round two questions—the possession of the public land, and the law of debtor and creditor. They were no doubt closely connected, for assignment of land meant relief of debt, but the agitation that gathered round the public land was directed by individuals, was merely occasional, and led to no permanent results; it is less a part of constitutional than of political history, and its true nature is obscured by the fact that we cannot say how far the annalists have transferred to this early period the circumstances of the agrarian agitation of a later day. But the early mode of assignment of the public land deserves consideration; for, as one of the undoubted grievances of the Plebs, it may have been one of the motives that led to the first great political reform. Land conquered from the enemy was sometimes assigned to poorer citizens in small allotments by the state (ager assignatus); in later times it was sometimes sold by the state through its quaestors (ager quaestorius); and in both these cases it became private property. But, in the early Republic, the custom was growing up of leaving a great portion of conquered land—especially such as was fit only for pasturage or had been devastated in war—as