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 of Church and State in the newly founded States of America.

In European civilisation, however, there has always been a gradual advance to the separation, real or nominal, of Church and State. This separation was never at all durable before the existence of medieval Europe, when Jews and other aliens were allowed certain rights of citizenship. The ' medieval Pope was an offshoot from the Roman Emperor, who had himself exercised the functions of Pontifex Maximus amongst many others. Up to this time there could be no such separation, for the simple reason that the Church was the State and the State was the Church; for example, the kings in Sparta and in the earlier Jewish