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 Europe after the Congress of Vienna 541 12. The conscription is abolished; the method of recruit- ing both for the army and the navy shall be determined by law. Form of the Government of the King 13. The person of the king is inviolable and sacred; his Position of ministers are responsible. In the king alone is vested the thekin g- executive power. 14. The king is the supreme head of the state; he has command of the land and naval forces, declares war, con- cludes treaties of peace, alliance, and commerce, appoints all the officials of the public administration, and issues the regulations and ordinances necessary for the execution of the laws and the safety of the state. 15. The legislative power is exercised jointly by the king, System of the Chamber of Peers and the Chamber of Deputies of the ^making, departments. 16. The right of initiating legislation belongs to the king. 17. Proposed laws are submitted, at the option of the king, either to the Chamber of Peers or to the Chamber of Deputies, except laws for raising taxes, which must be sub- mitted to the Chamber of Deputies first. 18. Every law must be discussed and passed freely by a majority of each of the two houses. 19. The chambers have the right to petition the king to submit a law relating to any subject and to indicate what they deem the law should contain. 1 . . . The unpopularity of Charles X and the disorders in Paris during the July days, 1830, brought about a state of affairs which is described in a declaration of the Chamber of Deputies, August 7. 1 The succeeding sections on the Chamber of Peers, the Chamber of Deputies, the judiciary, etc., are omitted here. The whole document may be found in Translations and Reprints, Vol. I, No. 3, or Anderson, Constitutions a?id Documents, pp. 456 sqq.